Child Reading and Writing Development

Child Reading and Writing Development Learning of children in early ages Question: Consider the ways in which children learn to read and write. Illustrate, using Kenner, Al-Khatri, Kwok, Kim and Tsai’s study (2004) how young children pay attention to directionality, shape, size, spatial orientation in producing different writing scripts. Introduction It is necessary to encourage the children towards learning since childhood. Motivation towards learning and thinking is important when child is young because at that time, child grabs the thing easily. If child gets training about the importance of learning and practices writing in the early childhood, then it will be beneficial for his rest of life. It is a fact that a child changes in a lot of ways during the years of primary school. These years are so much important to develop a habit of learning and thinking in the child. Cognitive development is necessary to be developed in young children. Cognitive development includes learning skills such as languages, strong memory, planning and paying attention to the work. In these initial years, parents have to play their role. (Australia, 2012) By the help of different activities, parents can motivate the children towards learning new things. But it is also a fact that training young children is not an easy task. It is neither easy for the parents and nor for the teachers. By the help of various sessions, activities and games, we can encourage children towards learning. Child sometimes faces difficulty in learning different stuffs at a time but with the passage of time, he becomes habitual. In the book, Becoming Biliterate Kenner C. (2004) explains about child’s learning of different languages. He also discusses about different ways by which we can motivate young children to read and write. Furthermore, in the paper, we will look on different ways of teaching children in young ages and also discuss relevant techniques. Emergent literacy Term Emergent literacy defines the interaction of young children with books. This term explains that when a children is in the state of learning something and when he is not in a position of writing or reading some stuff. Marie Clay used this term for the first time. Emergent literacy is process that starts from the birth of a child and continues until and unless child trains in writing or reading in a conventional sense. This term is used in the field of psychology, linguistics, sociology and education. (Anon., 2011)Process of reading and writing starts in the young ages of an individual. A child tries to contact with different types of communication from the beginning. It is observed that most of the children starts recognizing different signs and symbols in the age of two or three years. It is because of the fact that every time, their mind is in the state of learning and interacting with different things. As far as this matter is concerned that either the child starts writing fir st or reading, it varies from child to child. But researches show that most of the children face difficulty in reading during their early ages and start writing quickly. Issues in the acquisition of literacy Acquisition of literacy for the young children is not easy. Although, child starts observing all the things by using his five senses but still some guidance is necessary. By the help of guidance and training, child learns the things easily. There are different issues that a child faces in the acquisition of literacy especially in terms of learning second language. Learning of different languages becomes a big problem for young children. In the article, Literacy and Second Language Acquisition: Issues and Perspectives, Weinstein (1984) explains that there is a strong relationship between the acquisition of second language and literacy. Author explains that understanding different languages and learning second language is difficult. (WEINSTEIN, 1984)In another article by Philip and Mikko (2003), it was explained that most of the children in European countries complete their acquisition of language before starting their early school education. English is at the top in the acquisition of languages. Children learn English easily as compared to other languages. (Philip H. K. Seymour, Mikko Aro, Jane M. Erskine, 2003)Another issue that is faced by the children in learning is their mental state. It is not always necessary that mental state of every child is same. Therefore, we cannot apply same strategies for all children. Some children do not grab these thing quickly and to develop the sense of learning in them, it is necessary to apply alternate techniques. How young children learn different writing systems There are different writing systems working in the world. It is not necessary that everyone knows all writing systems. Most of the people knows one or two writing systems usually. Talking in terms of learning different writing systems for the children, it is good to trained them in their early ages. For example, if a child is born in Europe and parents want him to become familiar with English writing system, then they have to guide him about English writing alphabets in the early ages. There are basically two types of writing systems. First type is known as alphabets and second type is called as Syllabaries. Both types are divided on various sub divisions. List of major classification is as following. Consonant alphabets Abugidas Alphabets Syllabaries Semanto-Phonetic writing systems Undeciphered writing systems (Anon., 2007) Now, the question is how young children learn different writing systems? There are different ways by which we can guide young children in learning various writing systems. First way to improve literacy is by teaching Morphemes. Morphemes is a collection of words that consists of different units of meaning. By the help of morphemes, children can easily pronounce the words and spell them. Teaching morphemes is a best way to teach vocabulary to the young children. (Nunes, T., and Bryant, P, 2006, pp. 14) Another way to teach different writing systems to the children is by using cardboard books. Parents can use different pieces of clothes, and cardboard books to teach different alphabets to the children. Colorful pictures can play an important role in attracting the young children towards learning. Writing different scripts and the design of symbols For writing a particular language, specific writing system is used. Writing system is usually known as Script. On the other hand, symbols are also used to guide children about languages. Types of scripts are as following. Script support Alphabets Right to left alphabets Syllabary Syllabic alphabet Ideographic script Depending upon your language style and script, you can teach your child about the language. If we take the example of English writing system, then it is seen that it starts from the left hand side whereas in case of Arabic, script starts from right hand side. So, it is necessary for the parents that they teach child about these basics. Suppose, you are from the Arabic background and make familiar your child with the Arabic writing system, then it is necessary for you to focus on the Arabic writing system. You should select those books and cardboards on which Arabic words are written so that your child starts recognizing these words. Following is an image that tells you about the basic Arabic writing system. Another way of guiding your child is through symbols. You can teach your child by using different symbols and pictures of something. In the early childhood, child easily understand words by the help of its illustration. Kerner (2004) focused on the illustration of symbols and pictures. (Kenner, C. Al-Khatib, H., Kwok, G., Kam, R. and Tsai, K, 2004, pp. 35), In this picture, we can see that with all the English alphabets, different pictures are used so that child cane identify the word easily. By the help of symbols and pictures, identification of words become easy. Embodied knowledge In order to teach the children to read and writing, actions also play a great role. Education in which body involves actions and knows how to act on something is called as Embodied Knowledge. The best example of this type of knowledge is riding a bicycle. Almost, everyone knows how to ride a bicycle and we do not need to memorize the procedure of riding bicycle. This is a type of knowledge that is automatically imprinted in the mind of an individual. It can be said that embodied knowledge is present in our unconsciousness. Children learn this knowledge by observing the environment. Embodied knowledge is somewhat similar to the Cognitive science. Conclusion To conclude the entire discussion, it can be said that parents can play an important role in teaching their child in early years. Young children are quite sensitive and in the early ages, their care is the duty of parents. Parents should teach their child by using techniques and activities. Before sending the child to school, a child should have a basic sense of recognizing and understanding different words and things. So, that he may not face any difficulty in future. Works Cited Anon., 2007. Types of writing system. [Online] Available at: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/types.htm [Accessed march 2014]. Anon., 2011. what is emergent literacy?. [Online] Available at: http://www.lincoln.dubuque.k12.ia.us/School-Wide/Literacy/EmergentLiteracy.htm [Accessed march 2014]. Australia, c. o., 2012. About thinking and learning. [Online] Available at: https://www.kidsmatter.edu.au/sites/default/files/public/KMP_C3_CDTL_AboutThinkingAndLearning.pdf [Accessed 2014]. Kenner, C. Al-Khatib, H., Kwok, G., Kam, R. and Tsai, K. (2004), Becoming Biliterate: Young Children Learning Different Writing Systems, Stoke-on-Trent, Trentham Books. Nunes, T., and Bryant, P. (2006), Improving Literacy by Teaching morphemes, London, Routledge. Philip H. K. Seymour, Mikko Aro, Jane M. Erskine, 2003. Foundation literacy acquisition in European orthographies. British Journal of Psychology, 94(2), p. 143–174. Seymour, P., Aro, M., and Erskine, J. (2003), Foundation Literacy Acquisition, in British Journal of Psychology, 94: 143-174. WEINSTEIN, G., 1984. Literacy and Second Language Acquisition: Issues and Perspectives. TESOL Quarterly, 18(3), p. 471–484.

Lasers in Surgery Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Lasers in Surgery      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract: The laser is gaining increasing popularity in the medical field because of its broad application, efficiency, and improvement in overall ease of the procedures in which it is used.. The laser can treat an enormous range of ailments. The chronic nighttime snorer can give those around him relief by a simple procedure with the laser. In dermatology, the laser can be used for removing moles, tattoos, birthmarks, treating wrinkles, and possibly destroying skin cancer. The once dreaded trips to the dentist may become less painful since the laser is helping to replace the drill and Novocain. The laser also is becoming increasingly popular in orthopedics for treating shoulder, knee, and back ailments. For women many gynecological problems ranging from infertility to endometriosis can be treated with the laser. For small, precise work the laser is indispensable such as in the eye. Unfortunately, since laser medicine is still rapidly developing, it h as experienced its pitfalls in some areas like cardiology. Overall, the laser is an invaluable substitute for the scalpel of the past, and the laser's possibilities for the future are broad and promising.    Lasers in Surgery The laser is creating a bloodless revolution. A laser works by using heat to obliterate cells. As it cuts, blood vessels are sealed, and tissue is sterilized. The laser is particularly useful in regions of the body that are difficult to reach. Many types of lasers are used in surgery, and the kind (gas, liquid, solid, visible, or unseen) varies based on the procedure. Choosing the laser to fit the procedure is essential because otherwise damage such as fires, eye harm, a charred cheek, a chipped t... ...ion to use lasers at local hospitals are generally reputable.    Laser surgery is a pioneering field of medicine. The laser is used for some type of procedure in practically every specialty field. Doctors are researching the laser for even more increased use because it provides a noninvasive, quicker, and less painful approach to many procedures. In the future, the laser will become an increasingly common place medical tool.    Bibliography "Laser Surgery Can Stop the Noise." USA Today February 1995: 14-15. McCarthy, Laura Flynn. "Bright Lights of the Medical World." Cosmopolitan May 1995: 262-265. Pringle, Lidia Wasowicz. "Zapping Disease." Vibrant Life July-August 1994: 22-24. "A Ray of Hope for Snorers." Health January-February 1994: 16-17. Rosenbaum, Joshua. "Lasers- Hope or Hype?" American Health June 1994: 68-74.

Case 7 the Forgotten Group Member

The Forgotten Group Member Case 7: The Case Study for this Week MGMT-591-62034 Leadership & Org Behavior July 28th, 2012 The Forgotten Group Member Group Development In the case study, â€Å"The Forgotten Group Member† (p. W-112) the components of the team came out of the forming stage to enter to the Storming stage. At this stage, as the book points out, is a period of high tension among the group members and emotionality. During this stage, hostility and infighting may occur.This can be seen when one of the members, Mike, feels outside of the group. From the beginning Mike was categorized as the clown of the team, and he contributed to have given that name. During the process, he has not shown much cooperation and/or effort in terms of meetings and tasks assigned as a team. Therefore Christine, Diane, Janet and Steve have shared more and developed teamwork in which each has a function. Misinterpretations and some incidents occurred during those five weeks that made Mike feel rejected by his team.All these events have created an atmosphere of tension where the team has been not able to completely create a team work. Christine as â€Å"Team leader† was worried and understood Mike and even empathized with him but on the other hand the group it could be affected by his performance. By knowing the different of the stages that team passes, Christine could have prevented certain situations, for example in the formation stage is when the group is known and defined the goal of them as a team and what is expected of them as individuals.It is important to remember what the â€Å"team† will produce at the end of the class (a good grade). Another important point is the behavior and attitudes as individuals within the team and establishes rules. Problem Identification Primary, the group itself was facing a problem of communication which has brought misunderstandings with one of the members. From the beginning the communication was not effective with th is member, Mike.He, in humorous mode, expressed that could not arrive at meetings before the class, and that was not taken into a consideration by the other members. Therefore, this made Mike feel outside of the group and that not be involved and/or participate actively in the work and decisions of the team. Secondary, Christine didn’t know how to address the issue, she was more worried about her qualifications then the team succeeds. She was concerned because depending on the group’s opinion about the value of the contribution of each member that could raise or lowered their grades.Christine should have known that as a leadership establish a clear vision and sharing that with the member of the group was part of her role and it was crucial for the team to success. Also, coordinating and balancing the conflicting interests of all members would have helped her with Mike’s situation. Therefore, Christine should have followed the OB SAVVY â€Å"Must Have† Con tributions by Team, by she understanding every single of these criteria, would have avoid the situation that her team is going through. Two Possible Solutions to the Primary ProblemA possible solution to the lack of communication between Christine, Janet, Diane and Steve with Mike is doing a reunion in which all the above are present. Definitely, they will have to return to the Forming stage to set clear objectives and team goals. Christine must assume her role of leader defining and dividing the tasks between each of them in equal proportion. She should promote the team work and let them know what is expected of each of them as individuals within the team. This time must establish and defined rules for behavior.Another possible solution would be to change the leader. Basically, choose another team member as leader. Two people that seem to have the attitudes are: Steve and Janet. Per the description in the text they are both responsible, respectful and committed with the team. Since Steve showed more initiative, for example taking notes of what was done at the meeting, he might be a good prospect. However, Steve would have to return to the Forming stage to establish team goals, etc. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS| PROS| CONS|Returning to the Forming stage| – will allow Christine establish and define goals as a team-will also give her the opportunity to know her team and to communicate effective | -no too much time, the case will be due in a week-there may be resentment from Mike to Christine or the group| Choosing a new Leader| -different way of strategies, point of view and attitude -no room to think that it will be the same like with the old leader| -no too much time, the case will be due in a week-it may create a rough environment between the new leader and Christine|Unfortunately the group did not have a good basis from the beginning as Christine began to exercise her role of leader well. Not established goals for the team and not conducive good relationship be tween them. It seems that the team consisted of 4 people, not 5. In no time she met with Mike to find alternatives.It is important to note that Mike did not work hard to find a solution to his situation. He could have tried to talk to the team and let them know how he felt about it, but since Christine was the team lead she should have approach him and work it out. If the team had been composed by Steve, Janet and Diane, Christine would have been an excellent leader.

Essay about Cultural Criticism of Barn Burning by William...

Cultural Criticism of Barn Burning by William Faulkner In William Faulkners Barn Burning, a young boy must face his father and face the reality of a racist society. He must also discover for himself that his father is wrong and learn to grow up the right way in a racial environment. Faulkners setting is one of the most important literary elements in the story. He takes a young black boy and puts him in a real world of chaos and disorder. In the South, race is one of the most important factors in how one would live his or her life. The only way he can retain his own dignity in the end is to believe in his own courage and goodwill. The young boy, Sartoris, has a kind of loyalty for his father, Abner†¦show more content†¦Sarty has moved out of childhood, developing a mind and will of his own. He is no longer unperceptively loyal to his father. Sarty becomes his own self-reliant person, instead of being the shadow of his father. When he warns de Spain of his barn burning, Sarty becomes disloyal to his father and his own heritage. At this time, blacks had to band together to fight off the white men and oppression, but Sarty does not do this. After they flee the country, Abner is still abusive to his family. Abner Snopes is full of hatred and he is always ready to defend himself even when no one has an argument against him. This gives Sarty all the more reason to find himself. Sarty must choose to either follow the law or to choose the same path his father did, a life that satisfied himself and no one else. The first time Sarty had to choose between the law and his father he chose his father. He did not know much, only that the white men were enemies and that he had to stick to his own blood. He was used to his natural instincts and the teaching of his own heritage. That was not the case the second time around. As he got older, he got smarter. He realized that the confrontations that his father put him in were not right. When Abner goes to burn the barn in the new country, this is the first timeShow MoreRelatedWilliam Faulkner s Literary Accomplishments1753 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Faulkner was a powerful writer whose highly anthologized works bear the image of the Southern Gothic tradition and the weight of more than half a century of literary analysis and criticism. Despite a vast amount of intense and perhaps belated scrutiny directed at Faulkner s literary accomplishments, the author himself had a vision and scope not to be outdone by his commentators. Between 1929 and 1936, Faulkner published novels with characters ranging from children, thinkers, the insane,Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesfuture chapters, such as (a) examples of deceptive techniques by advertisers, salespersons, and propagandists, (b) examples of reasoning errors discussed in later chapters, (c) examples of violations of several principles of good reasoning or good criticism, and (d) two to four examples of good reasoning. 4. For the following hypothetical situation, state what decision you recommend and why you recommend it. Weigh the pros and cons, and describe your process of weighing the pros and cons. A West

Contemporary issues in strategic marketing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3249 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Contemporary Issues in Strategic Marketing Your manager has been to a marketing seminar on The Service Dominant Logic. He has asked you to produce a paper on the implications of implementing an SDK programme within the firm embraces both the strategic and tactical implications and the costs and the benefits. Implications of service-dominant logic Nowadays, we need to set up strategies and tactics in a new way due to the huge changes happening in both consuming and marketing environment. Due to the more and more important role marketing plays in corporate operation, understanding and implementing strategy from marketings view could offer firms a useful means to reconfigure corporate value and management concept. In 2007, the revised definition of marketing by AMA (American Marketing Association) illustrates that marketing is a system of vale transaction in essence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Contemporary issues in strategic marketing" essay for you Create order Briefly, all forms of goods should be regarded as service. Goods are the physical expression of one or more capabilities, and product is the main type that companies offer, while service, according to Vargo and Lusch (2004), is the application of specialized competences (knowledge and skills). Stephen L. Vargo Robert F. Lusch (2004) also explained that marketing has shifted from the goods-dominant logic (G-D Logic) to servicedominant logic (S-D Logic) which is applicable to all marketing offers (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). They further identified that in fact, all economy is the service economy, and product is just the carrier and physical appearance of the service (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). Apparently, what firms offer is the physical product, but in fact all what they supply is just one kind of service, one solution. Kotler (1977) indicated that the real importance of product to us is not the ownership but the service that we could get from them. Also, there is a growing focus on servi ces in the marketing because service industry dominants the worlds economy nowadays, for example, eighty percent of the current U.S. GDP is derived from the services industry, which employs over 80% of all employees (Ford and Bowen, 2008). The S-D logic intimates a very different kind of purpose and process for marketing activity and for the firm as a whole: to provide service to stakeholders, including customers, stockholders, and employees (Lusch and Vargo 2006, p. 283). All companies should notice that the real implication of serve-dominant logic is the customer satisfaction not the continual innovation and improvement of products, unless this kind of innovation and improvement is for better satisfying customer needs. Firms blind focus on improving products quality and technology would let them ignore the change of customer needs, which will keep them away from customers. Whenever companies can have the service-dominant view, they will be more rational to make strategies. Especially when managing production innovation, firms will not only keep an eye on the product itself but develop the production more efficient based on the services need to be satisfied. So under the serve-dominant logic, firms should firstly be customer-oriented, continually satisfy customer needs; then firms should enhance the service consciousness and improve service quality, which is a fundamental approach to attract new customer, build customer satisfaction and cultivate customer loyalty (Brodie and Little, 2006). A significant change over the 100 years is that customers could actively choose their favourite products from only passively accept corporate product. This is the result of the market competition, is the inevitable phenomenon among the transformation from the sellers market to the buyers market. In the traditional product times, corporate implement the market-and-sell producing value, producers and consumers are completely separated (Baker, 2003, P454). In the past, companies blindly manufacture, ignoring whether or not customers will accept, what they only care is selling products out for profit. However, this method isnt effective anymore because current customers have a lot of alternative choices, part of them are even finicky, they will only choose the product and service satisfying their needs, they will not waste any interest on anything they dont like. In consideration of this situation, more and more companies become smarter. They abandon the obsolete production concept, tur ning to use the sense and response marketing view as the guide, put customers in the core position of the corporate operation. More than that, firms start to involve customers in the process of product design, producing, evaluation. During the whole process of value creation, customers is no longer a passively accepter, but be regarded as the co-producer. The key element of value creation is to cooperate with customers (Normannand Ramirez, 1993). Thus it can be seen that, customer participation is extraordinary important to companies, the interaction between customers and firms is extremely important, especially for the future corporate. In his book future shock, Alvin Toffer explained the upcoming experiential industry, in which customers would not only satisfy with the basic functions products and services offer, they would be willing to allocate high percentages of their salaries to live amazing experiences (Toffler, 1994). In this kind of experience economy, companies will never again simply produce goods, but become an experience platform, co-create value with the customers. Dell and Starbucks are both good examples. Corporate could be regarded as an aggregation of various resources, validly managing these resources could create profit and value. Firms used to believe that tangible resources such as the land, equipment, and materials are the most important assets, because without these resources, companies are unable to organize manufacture. However, in the current service-dominant times, the key resources have changed to be intangible resources like knowledge, experience, technology and innovation etc (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). It can be said that they are base of corporate competence and core capability. This is not to say that those tangible resources are not important any more, but that their importance has comparably diminished, which is because that the buyers market is the dominant in the current economic environment, customers have unprecedented wide range of choices and their needs are escalating, only the high knowledge and technology based products will be favoured by customers. On the other hand, simple physical product without high knowledge and technology is losing competence, which prompts companies to transfer to the knowledge and technology intensive ones. Constantin and Lusch (1994) defined the physical and natural resources to be the operand resources, while the knowledge, technology and innovation kind of resources are be defined as the operant resources (Constantin and Lusch, 1994). This transaction of the focus of resource reveals one fact which is that current corporate competition is no longer the simple competition based on the product, but the full competition based on the knowledge, technology and human resources. If company want to be the winner in such intensively competitive environment, it must set up its own core capability and competitive advantage. Modern corporations more and more emphasize on transferring value from the tangible resources to intangible resources, insisting on creating corporate value through operant resources (Vargo and Lu sch, 2004). S-D Logic emphasizes that knowledge is the fundamental source of competitive advantage, as based on a firms ability to make differentiated use of information flow throughout its value creation chain of suppliers, distributors, and customers (Ford and Bowen, 2008). Also, the transaction of focus of resources requires corporate to make an important change on strategies, which is to be the learning organization. Only learning could increase the group knowledge, experience etc intangible assets in the organization, could create core value. Firms not only need to carry out the internal learning, but also turn its attention to the broader external environment and the whole value chain. Not only requires adaptive learning but also innovative learning. It is indicated by S-D Logic that customer value is created through service experiences and relationships, especially in the co-creation and sharing of resources, including skills and knowledge (Aitken and Ballantyne etc all, 2006). Within the S-D Logic, the customers is a prosumer and co-creator of value, which can lead benefits to both themselves and service providers (Baker, 2003, P461). In the product times, value is almost decided by the producer, value is included in the tangible resources, reflect on the product; however, in the current service times, value is decide by the consumers. Whether or not one product is valuable, how much value it has, thats not producers call, after consumers judgement, its value is embodied in the consumers recognition and acceptance. So this is like that a drop of water is much more valuable than a diamond in the dessert, which is determined by peoples needs. The definition of Customer Perceived Value (CPV) given by Kotler (2003) is the differen ce between the prospective customers evaluation of all benefits and all the costs of an offering and the perceived alternatives (Kotler, 2003, P60). So it can be seen that value relies on customers perception and judgement to a large extent. Customers will make their most important judgments of value received through direct service interactions with firms and on service-ability of goods-in-use (Ballantyne and Aitken, 2007). It can also be said that the time-logic of marketing exchange is open-ended, from pre-sale service interaction to post-sale value-in-use (Ballantyne and Varey, 2006). Baker (2003) said that: all marketing is about value proposition. (Baker, 2003, P452). The service-dominant logic brings marketing innovation to the fore through the sharing of new ideas and knowledge within the firm, and between the firm and key customers and suppliers (Aitken and Ballantyne etc all, 2006). The effect of transition of value determination on strategy is that corporate must implement the innovation process and service progress based on the customers, play close attention to their need, opinions and suggestions, which means that marketing research, product test need to be taken regularly, ensuring customer needs could be satisfied. It is the only way to receive customers recognition and acceptance and let the value of product could express. Also, firms need to maintain stable long-term relationship with customers, set up various social, structural and emotional connections to enhance customer loyalty and customer lifetime value (Aitken and Ballantyne etc all, 2006).Le an solution which fits the S-D logic and the customers role as co-creator could be applied by companies make hands-on strategies, such as continuing improvements, do it right the first time, and management commitment (baker, 2003, P467). Also, there are some principles should be followed (Baker, 2003, P467; Womack and Jones, 2005b, P61): Solve the customers problem completed by ensuring that all the goods and services work, and work together. Do not waste the customers time. Provide exactly what the customer wants. Provide what is wanted exactly where it is wanted. Provide what is wanted where it is wanted exactly when it is wanted. Continually aggregate solutions to reduce the customers time and hassle. In the service times, companies more and more recognize the importance of customers who are the direct origin of profit. Old trading ideas do not emphasize the relationship with customers, ignoring customer needs and satisfaction lead to companys reducing profit and increasing costs. With the further deepen understanding, more and more emphasize on the core position of customers, companies gradually recognize the importance to keep the relationship with customers. This is also one result of the continual development of marketing theories applied to practices. During the process of development, many new concepts have been put forward, such as the Customer Lifetime Value (CLV), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and Customer Equity (Kotler, 2003). Managers find out it is possible to reduce costs on one side, and attract more new customers by word-of mouth to receive more profit on the other side through building relationship with customers and maintaining customer loyalty. Strategically, corporate choose customers more carefully, they find out that it is not effective to be indiscriminate customer choosing. Companies discover that not all of the customers are profitable; some customers will even bring negative gearing to them, which is because the too high cost to get customers and/or too short customer lifetime circle, and this is called the lost-for-good customers type. Sherden proposed to change the 20-80 rule with the following: 20-80-30, first 20% of customers contribute with 80% to the enterprise profit and half of these profits are used to cover the enterprise losses generated by the last 30% of the unprofitable customers (Sherden, 1994). According to this situation, companies start to consider how to measure customer value, how to identify profitable customers, which lead to the CLV evaluation. What companies could do is to model profit on both an annual basis and on a CLV basis to determine customer value in terms of potential profits and CLV (Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, 2002, P63). For example, Electro plc collected data analyze its customer acquisition and retention economics at the segment level, by doing so it can clearly identify which segment need to be concentrated on and which one is the waste of investment (Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, 2002, P53). Through this assessment, companies could find out the most important customers and abandon those unprofitable customers. And adopt different marketing strategies and different resource distribution (such as different pricing policies, quality and level of service) to different categories of customers. Firms very focus on building up stable long-term relationship to achieve the supplier-customer win-win relationship (Baker, 2003, P469). IBM is good at it CRM, it can make the best use of every opportunity contacting with customers to impress them and increase loyalty to company, and finally enhance corporate profit and reduce cost (IBM, 2009). For example, its CRM outsourcing service provide reliable methods, new ideas and innovative thinking to help firms enhance customer-oriented marketing, sales and the effectiveness and efficient of services (IBM, 2009). When companies are pursuing the long-term development, especially when we hope to build a permanent operating institution, we must have a broad view, not only focus on customers current value, but also create and enhance customers lifetime value. Firstly, companies need to ensure the quality of its products could satisfy customers need; then, companies need to be able to provide good consumption experience to attract customer participation and build their loyalty to your brand. Tactics could be that firms not only provide after-sale service, but actively offer lifetime service, cultivate lifetime customers, create lifetime value in further (Lusch, Vargo, and Malter 2006). CRM regards that the total value of the firms customer base is an important driver of company profitability (Kotler, 2003, P52). In order to set up a comprehensive customer database, high-quality, timely, and accurate information need to be collected such as customers demographics, past purchase etc and then put into a data warehouse. And the database could be used by companies on marketing like to identify customer response, make attractive or timely offers ect. However, Kotler (2003) also identified three problems of database marketing: firstly, companies need to spend a large investment in computer hardware, database, software, analytical programs, communication links, and skilled personnel to build and maintain a customer database; secondly, it is difficult to get everyone in the company to be customer-oriented in and to use the available information; thirdly, customer may not want to keep a relationship with the company, some of whom may even think that their personal informati on should not be collected (Kotler, 2003, P55). And some real examples tell us that the database marketing is not helpful to every companys CRM, reasons of failure of CRM implementation could be the high cost, poorly designed system, ignorance by collaborators (Kotler, 2003, P56). Conclusively, we are facing a totally different consumption and marketing environment, so we should also change our ideological foundation of making strategies. Major changes include that marketing has shifted from the goods-dominant logic to servicedominant logic; customers could actively choose their favourite products; the key resources have changed to be intangible resources; customers become a co-creator of value; maintaining customer relationship becomes more and more important to companies. So strategic and tactical implications to companies are: be customer-oriented, continually satisfy customer needs; enhance the service consciousness and improve service quality; increase customer participation; marketing research, product test need to be taken regularly to ensure customer needs could be satisfied; carry out adaptive learning and innovative learning within the company. Two main types of benefits could be brought to companies: reduce costs and increase profit and value throu gh CRM. However, the initial investment is expensive, and it is hard to make ensure everyone one in the company could be customer-oriented, also, some customers may refuse to maintain relationship with firms. Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long term, and the tactics is the specific actions implementing strategy(Johnson and Scholes, 2002, P 10). New Definition of Marketing (est. in 2007): Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large( AMA, 2007). Future shock is a book written by the sociologist and futurologist Alvin Toffer in 1970 The Pareto principle ( also knows the 20-80 rule) states that it is possible for 80% of the companys profit to be provided by 20% of the total number of customers (Sherden, 1994). Customer lifetime value (CLV) is defined as the net present value of the future profit flow over a customers lifetime (Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, 2002, P62) According to Bill Inmon (1992), a data warehouse is a database that contains the following four characteristics: subject oriented, non-volatile, integrated and time variant (Todman, 2001, P32). Bibliography: Kotler, Philip (1977), Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and Control, 3d ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Crosby, Philip (1979). Quality is Free. New York: McGraw-Hill. 0-07-014512-1. New Scientist, 19 March 1994, pp. 22-25. Harvard Business Review, 71, July/August, 1993, pp. 65-77 Sherden W.A. (1994) Market Ownership: the Art and Science of Becoming no 1, New York,Amacon Chris Todman (2001) Designing a Data Warehouse: supporting customer relationship Management. Hewlett-packard Company, Prentice Hall PTR, Upper saddle river, New Jersey 07548 Johnson, G. and K. Scholes (2002). Exploring corporate strategy : [TEXT ONLY]. Harlow, Financial Times Prentice Hall. Martin Christopher, Adrian Payne, David Ballantyne (2002) Relationship marketing : creating stakeholder value. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. Kotler, Philip (2003), Marketing Management 11th (international) ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Baker, Michael John (2003) The marketing book (5th Edition) Oxford :Butterworth-Heinemann. Printed and bound in Great Britain by the Bathe Press, Bath S. L. Vargo and R. F. Lusch (2004). Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68:1{17, January 2004. Brodie, R.J., Glynn, M.S. and Little, V. (2006), The service brand and the service-dominant logic: missing fundamental premise or the need for stronger theory?, Marketing Theory, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 363-79. Robert F. Lusch, Stephen L. Vargo (2006) Service-dominant logic: reactions, reflections and refinements Marketing Theory, Vol. 6, No. 3, 281-288 (2006) Robert Aitken, David Ballantyne. Phil Osborne and John Williams (2006) Introduction to the special issue on the service-dominant logic of marketing: insights from The Otago Forum Marketing Theory 2006; 6; 275 Lusch, R.F. and S.L. Vargo, Eds. (2006). The Service-Dominant Logic of Marketing. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. Lusch, R.F., S.L. Vargo, A. Malter (2006). Marketing as Service-Exchange: Taking a Leadership Role in Global Marketing Management, Organizational Dynamics (forthcoming). David Ballantyne and Robert Aitken (2007)Branding in B2B markets: insights from the service-dominant logic of marketing, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing Volume 22 Number 6 2007 363371 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited [ISSN 0885-8624] AMA (2007, December 17, 2007 ). AMA Definition of Marketing . Retrieved 7th Nov 2009, from https://www.marketingpower.com/Community/ARC/Pages/Additional/Definition/default.aspx. ROBERT C. FORD and DAVID E. BOWEN (2008) A Service-Dominant Logic for Management Education: Its Time. Academy of Management Learning Education, 2008, Vol. 7, No. 2, 224243. IBM (2009) Build sustainable competitive advantage and accelerate time-to-benefit in marketing, sales and service https://www-935.ibm.com/services/th/index.wss/offerfamily/gts/e1028096 (Available) Accessed on 13th Nov, 2009

Beowulf Young and Old Essay - 765 Words

Beowulf Young and Old Despite Beowulf’s almost supernatural strength, stamina and stature, he ages just the same as any other human being. In the human life cycle, one generally begins naive and inexperienced and ages into an adult of more wisdom and knowledge. Akin to others in his time, Beowulf starts as a young fearless warrior and grows into an aged prudent king. From the beginning of his life as a warrior to the end as a king, he gains and develops glory, responsibility and courage, all vital to his reign as a successful king. Beowulf’s responsibility differs from a warrior to a king. As a young fighter he has responsibility to his Geatish king as well as to Hrothgar. His king, Hyglac, relies on Beowulf to represent him and†¦show more content†¦Beowulf’s virtues of courage and strength appear throughout the poem during his life as a warrior and as a king. He begins the story with courage and â€Å"the strength of thirty / in the grip of each hand† (380-381), which are vital to his accomplishments as a warrior. His courage and strength are apparent when he fights Grendel without the use of weapons. Both virtues are crucial to his success in that battle and lead him to become a leader of wisdom and stature. As king of Heorot he uses his courage and strength in the battle against the dragon. Before the fight he has a feeling of uncertainty and it is stated â€Å"He was sad at heart / unsettled yet ready, sensing his death. / His fate hovered near, unknowing but certain: / It wou ld soon claim his coffered soul.† (2419-2424). His sense of forthcoming death may illustrates a lack of confidence in his ability to slay the dragon; however, it also shows tremendous courage by involving himself in an unevenly matched fight. Although his physical strength may have abandoned him in his last fight against the dragon, his courage and wisdom intensified his glory beyond his death. Beowulf’s fame and glory is essential to him much like it is to the rest of the Norse culture. When Beowulf first appears to Hrothgar he makes an effort to brag regarding his achievements as a warrior and claims â€Å"‘They had seen me bolstered in the blood of enemies / when I battled and bound five beasts, / raided a troll-nest and in theShow MoreRelatedBeowulf And The Anglo Saxon Period1740 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf The original poem, Beowulf, goes back to the Anglo-Saxon period in c. 650 and c.1100. Authors translated Beowulf many times in the Anglo-Saxon period to present day. It displays how a hero should be in the real world. He helps the people in the village and slays monsters. Everyone in the village looks up to him as he acts as if he were a role model. 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The competitive Environment of Tesco in the UK Essay Example For Students

The competitive Environment of Tesco in the UK Essay Outline1 Competitive Environment of Tesco2 Tesco ‘s Corporate and Marketing Strategy3 Balanced Scorecard Approach4 Adoption of Balanced Scorecard by Tesco5 Tesco ‘s Strategic Map in the Coming Old ages6 Financials7 Customers8 Procedures9 Peoples Competitive Environment of Tesco Tesco is the largest nutrient retail merchant in the UK and one of the taking food market retail merchants in the universe. It supplies 30 % of the nutrient purchases made in the UK. More than 550,000 employees service the company ‘s clients in about 5,000 locations spread across 14 states in Europe, Asia and North America ( Tesco plc, 2010, p 1-3 ). The company ‘s operations in the British retailing infinite, coupled with its steady abroad enlargement, have opened it to legion competitory challenges and menaces. In the UK, the company faces strong and increasing competition from its heavyweight challengers like ASDA-Walmart, Sainsbury ‘s and Morrison ( Finch A ; Wood, 2010, p 1-2 ). Each of these administrations is invariably seeking to better its market portion through assorted client focused and efficiency oriented schemes ( Finch A ; Wood, 2010, p 1-2 ). Whilst Tesco continues to take in market portion, gross revenues and profitableness in the UK, it remains under changeless competitory force per unit area and any strategic or market topographic point mistake could hold inauspicious consequences ( Finch A ; Wood, 2010, p 1-2 ). The economic environment in the UK is perchance traveling through its worst convulsion since the 1980s. Increasing unemployment, 1000s of occupation losingss and a really easy resuscitating economic system have dampened the enthusiasm of supermarket shoppers and created hard market conditions for market participants ( Kollewe, 2010, p 1-2 ) Crisp decrease in authorities disbursement, the proposed riddance of 1000s of public sector occupations by the present alliance authorities and the treble addition in academic fees have already led to widespread protests and are expected to impact the economic clime further ( ABC Inc, 2010, p 1 ) Whilst the company is steadily increasing its planetary footmark, the UK continues to be its overpoweringly big market and histories for practically 67 % of its entire gross revenues and 71 % of its net incomes ( Tesco plc, 2010, p 1-3 ) The economic and societal convulsion in the state, along with increased competitory force per unit area from its chief rivals will surely escalate environmental and competitory challenges for the company intense in the coming old ages ( Tesco plc, 2010, p 1-3 ) Tesco has in recent old ages been working at steadily spread outing its planetary operations. Its planetary presence is nevertheless less than that of Walmart, Carrefour and Metro and its place in the planetary retail market, whilst strong and increasing, do non mirror its dominant place in the United Kingdom and it is the grocery leader in merely two abroad markets, Malaysia and Thailand ( Finch A ; Wood, 2010, p 1-2 ) Tesco, like other major houses spread outing strongly into international markets frequently faces different and hard environmental and competitory conditions in its assorted operational parts. Much of the competition in its abroad markets comes from legion local rivals who non merely run with far lesser operating expenses but besides understand local gustatory sensations and penchants much better. Tesco is battling competition in its abroad markets and seeking to set up its presence with the aid of good established local houses and different shop formats ( Tesco plc, 2010, p 1-3 ) However the planetary experiences of assorted supermarket big leagues like Walmart and Carrefour reveal that planetary enlargement is non easy and important market failures can happen from uncomplete apprehension of market demands and pick of market schemes ( Sarkar, 2009, p 1-3 ) Tesco ‘s Corporate and Marketing Strategy Tesco ‘s rapid growing in recent decennaries has been driven by its carefully planned and sustained client focused scheme. The company is perchance the lone retail merchant to appeal to different market sections, upmarket, midrange and low monetary value. It invariably focuses on betterment of client value and services with focussed action in countries like supply concatenation direction, pricing, quality, merchandise scope and in-store every bit good as online client convenience. The company initiated a major strategic alteration in the mid 1990s with the acceptance and customisation of the balanced scorecard attack, shortly after it was foremost advanced by Robert Kaplan and David Norton. Balanced Scorecard Approach The balanced scorecard attack was developed by Kaplan and Norton to supply concerns with a holistic tool for public presentation measuring in different critical countries of concern houses. Whilst much of public presentation measuring in the yesteryear focused on the fiscal facets of the concern, the balanced scorecard approached public presentation measuring from four point of views, viz. the fiscal position, the client position, the concern procedure position and the acquisition and growing position ( Kaplan A ; Norton, 1996, p 7-13 ) The diagram provided below illustrates the assorted dimensions and interactions of the balanced scorecard. ( Beginning: Balanced Scorecard Institute, 2010, p 1 ) The balanced mark card whilst originally constructed for measuring of public presentation is now used for preparation and execution of scheme by concern houses. Administrations following the balanced scorecard set aims in each of these countries and thenceforth formulate marks and enterprises for meeting such aims, every bit good as steps to measure existent advancement in run intoing them ( Kaplan A ; Norton, 1996, p 7-13 ) Its usage enables houses to clear up scheme in footings of the different dimensions outlined by the balanced scorecard tool, communicate strategic aims in different countries, program set marks and align strategic enterprises, and implement systems for accomplishment of feedback and battle of dual cringle acquisition ( Kaplan A ; Norton, 1996, p 7-13 ) Adoption of Balanced Scorecard by Tesco Tesco adopted the balanced scorecard method in the mid 1990s to drive its scheme and operations. Tesco ‘s acceptance of the balanced scorecard method led to the development of the celebrated Tesco Steering Wheel, which was originally divided into four quarter-circles, viz. Customers, People, Operations and Financials ( Kaplan, 2008, p 1-2 ) The Tesco Steering Wheel ( TSW ) originates from the company ‘s nucleus intent and long term aim, viz. the creative activity of value for clients in order to gain their changeless trueness. The company added a 5th dimension to the TSW in 2007, viz. community, in order to promote employees to go first-class citizens and better their communities. A diagram of the new Tesco Steering Wheel with five quarter-circles is provided as under ( Kaplan, 2008, p 1-2 ) ( Beginning: Kaplan, 2008, p 1 ) Tesco ‘s maneuvering wheel helps in guaranting that its 550,000 employees in multiple states work towards presenting typical and undeviating purchasing experiences to consumers in each and every shop. The construct of the TSW came about from the acceptance of the balanced scorecard in the early 1990s when Tesco engaged in a procedure to clarify its mission and scheme to guarantee the realisation of this aim. â€Å" Tesco, ( in the words of Sir Terry Leahy, CEO ) does n’t desire one leader. We want 1000s of leaders who take enterprise to put to death the scheme. † ( Kaplan, 2008, p 1 ) Tesco used the maneuvering wheel, a clear symbol for a tool to drive public presentation and assist employees find the manner into the hereafter, to pass on to its employees. The original TSW has had four equal discharge, stand foring the four countries of balance scorecard focal point, viz. financials, clients, operations, and employees. The company added another dimension, community, to the TSW in 2004 to promote and back up workers to take part in and assist the communities where they work and live ( Tesco plc, 2010, p 1-3 ) Tesco ‘s maneuvering wheel is non easy to implement. Extensive attempts are required by manner of consumer research, aggregation of informations, and analytics to guarantee that aims and prosodies continue to stay appropriate, even as consumer gustatory sensations and penchants alteration and competition intensifies ( Kaplan, 2008, p 1-2 ) All Tesco shops get monthly updates on the guidance wheel, sum-ups of prosodies of the five discharges four discharge, so that Tesco employees in different parts and multiple formats get appropriate public presentation feedback. Tesco adds to the effectivity of its maneuvering wheel study with little lists that explain of import strategic cardinal elements merely so that employees can prosecute in their everyday maps. The TSW has assisted the company in concentrating on its scheme during its rapid growing in the 1990s and the 2000s ( Kaplan, 2008, p 1-2 ) Tesco ‘s Strategic Map in the Coming Old ages Tesco has an established and steady growing scheme that is based upon broadening concern range in order to accomplish sustainable long-run growing by prosecuting clients into big and turning markets at place and new markets overseas ( Kaplan, 2008, p 1-2 ) The company ‘s growing scheme has five chief constituents, viz. ( a ) to accomplish success in international retailing, ( B ) to increase the nucleus UK concern, ( degree Celsius ) to accomplish equal strength in non-food concerns, ( vitamin D ) develop retailing services and ( vitamin E ) topographic point the community at the Centre of all operations. Tesco ‘s concern scheme has been based on variegation during the last decennary and the company intense to beef up its assorted concerns across multiple states and formats during the following two old ages ( Kaplan, 2008, p 1-2 ) The company ‘s strategic aims for the coming two old ages are indicated in the BSC chart provided below. These aims have been based basically on increasing and keeping the of import push countries of the company. Financials Improve group gross revenues by more than 10 % Reduce start-up losingss in the US and do US operations profitable Improve international gross revenues by more than 25 % Improve return on capital employee to 15 % Improve UK market portion by 1 % Customers Focus on clients holding to pass less in the UK Gove clients wellness picks Improve client pick Improve scope of vesture Improve scope and quality of general ware Increase merchandise scope of Tesco bank Make FF a planetary manner trade name Procedures Improve wellness and safety procedures Improve capablenesss of people Improve processes for merchandise safety Improve controls for fraud and conformity Peoples Create 20,000 new occupations each twelvemonth Reward our employees for their work and back up their development Develop leaders with greater strength Better the effectivity of whistle blowing policy Improve diverseness and inclusivity Improve employee keeping to 95 % Apart from the above quarter-circle, Tesco besides has the following strategic aims in Community Care. Tesco has undertaken legion enterprises in labeling of merchandises, decrease of C footmark, deviating shop waste straight to landfill and decrease of C emanation from shops and distribution centres. The strategic aims for the following two old ages in this country have been formed on the footing of Tesco ‘s committedness in specific countries of community attention. Reduce C emanation from shops and distribution centres by 10 % each twelvemonth. Support causes in local communities. By and sell merchandises antiphonal.